Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay It is hereby declared a national policy to prevent, abate and control pollution of water, air and land for the more effective utilization of the resources of this country. P.D. 1151(1979) Philippine Environmental Policy defines the general policies on the pursuit of a better quality of life for the present and future generations and mandates the undertaking the environmental impact assessments for all projects, which may significantly affect the environment. P.D. 1152(1977) Air Quality Management to achieve and maintain such levels of air quality as to protect public health and to prevent to the greatest extent practicable, injury and or damage to plant and animal life and property, and promote the social and economic development of the country. P.D. 1586(1978) Establishing an Environment Impact Statement System, Including Other Environmental Management Related. -Defines the framework for the implementation of the environmental impact assessment as the mechanism to reconcile the impacts of development projects on society and the physical environment. P.D. 389(1974) (P.D. 705) The Forestry Reform Code codifies, updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest resources. P.D. 330 P.D. 953 Laws on Penalizing Illegal Cutting of Trees Public forests and forest reserves are important natural resources of the country which must be preserved and conserved for future generations it is the solemn duty of every citizen to protect public forest and forest reserves from indiscriminate logging, senseless denudation and wanton destruction to the detriment of the present and future generations. P.D. 953 1153 Laws on Tree Planting -The planting of trees on lands adjoining the edge of rivers and creeks in both a measure of beautification and reforestation and the planting of trees along roads and areas intended for the common use of owners of lots in subdivisions will provide shade and healthful environment therein. P.D. 331(1973) Requiring that all Public Forests be developed, Managed, and Utilized on a Sustainable Yield Basis with the Benefit of Technical Forestry know-how of Registered Foresters. -The Philippine forests are the patrimony of the Filipino people and as such they have to be developed, managed, and utilized in such a manner as to insure their perpetuity in productive condition for the benefit of all Filipinos, living or yet to be born P.D. 704(1974) Preservation of Optimum Productivity of Fishery Resources through Conservation and Protection. there is a compelling need to increase the production of fish to bring down its price to a level which will be within the reach of our people, and at the same time insure the continuity of out fishery resources in productive condition through wise utilization and proper conservation P.D. 1015(1976) Banning the Operation of Commercial Fishing within a Distance of 7 Kilometers from the Shoreline. It is the policy of the state to uplift the economic condition of the municipal and small-scale fishermen P.D. 1058(1976) Increasing the Penalties for Illegal forms of Fishing. -There is a need to increase the penalties for certain acts prohibited by existing penal laws for a more effective protection of the nations fish resources P.D. 1219(1977) Providing for the Protection of Coral Ecosystems. It is necessary that the exploration, exploitation, utilization and conservation of these resources be properly regulated to ensure the preservation of the countrys marine environment. P.D. 1067(1976) Water Code of the Philippines adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in commercial, industrial and residential areas. It also provides other policy guidelines in water quality and management of water resources. P.D. 463(1974) Providing for a modernized system of administration and disposition of mineral lands and to promote and encourage the development of exploitation. -Mineral production is a major support of the national economy, and therefore the intensified discovery, exploration, development and wise utilization of the countrys mineral resources are urgently needed for national development. P.D. 1198(1977) Reinforces this provision for restoration of mined-out areas to this original condition to the extent possible. it is the policy of the State to create, develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man can be most productive and to insure the attainment of an environmental quality that enhances his dignity and well-being P.D. 1251(1977) Imposing a fee on operating mining companies to be known as mine wastes and tailing fee to compensate for damages to private landowners -A semi-annual fee to be known as Mine Wastes and Tailings Fee is hereby imposed on all operating mining companies at such amount/s to be determined by the Secretary of National Resources, upon the recommendation of the Director of Mines. P.D. 984(1976) The Revision of Republic Act No. 3931, Commonly Known as the Pollution Control Law. -It is hereby declared a national policy to prevent, abate and control pollution of water, air and land for the more effective utilization of the resources of this country. P.D. 1181(1977) (supplements the provision of P.D. 984) Providing for the Abatement, Control and Prevention of Vehicular Pollution Establishing the Maximum Allowance Emissions of Specific air Pollutants from all Types of Vehicle. -It is the purpose of this Decree to prevent, control, and abates the emission of air pollution from motor vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of the people and to prevent or minimize damage to property and hazards to land transportation. P.D. 600(1974) (amended by P.D. 979) Water Pollution Control prohibits the discharge of oil, noxious liquid substances, and other harmful substances into the countrys inland and territorial waters. P.D. 825(1975) Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and other forms of Uncleanliness -One of the principal aims of the New Society is to effect social, economic and political reform through discipline and order; P.D. 856(1975) Sanitation Code Places the responsibility in the local government units for he solid waste management in his area of production. P.D. 1144(1977) Control of Pesticides It is a Government policy to provide adequate assistance to the agricultural sector in line with national objective of increasing food production; R.A. 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 provides for a comprehensive air pollution control policy R.A. 7160 Local Government Code of 1991 -Provides that local government should share with the national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction subject to national policies and other pertinent provisions of the code. R.A. 6969(1990) Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act Authorizes the DENR to establish a program to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, destruction, use and disposal of chemical substances, and mixture that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment. R.A. 8550(1998) The Fisheries Code of the Philippines -Defines the policies of the state in the protection, conservation and effective management of fisheries stock as well as identifying allowable fishing methods in Philippine coastal waters. R.A. 9003 The Solid Waste Management Act of 2001 -An act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. R.A. 9275- Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 -An act providing a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes. R.A. 9729 Climate Change Act of 2009. -An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and for other purposes. How Tourism is affected by the Current Environmental Laws in the Philippine; Tourism is highly affected by the current laws implemented, because of the restrictions and guidelines implemented by the government. Tourist who wants to visit different parts of the country most especially for the purpose of seeing eco-friendly spots visiting eco parks are also known as ecotourism, Ecotourism is visiting a fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, its purpose is to educate the traveler or tourist, to provide resources for  ecological conservation and to directly benefit for the  economic development. Back then, tourist had easy access in visiting our country, specially our famous tourist spots. But because of the laws implemented, various regulations rules now serves as guidelines for tourism. Like many other countries, ecotourism activities are often handled on the local level. That is, local governing bodies create specific rules, regulations, tours, and managers for specific areas. For the people of the rural Philippines, this has been a major economic boost. This is because many of these local governing bodies require that tourists hire local guides to take them into protected local areas. This is not necessarily true for all areas in the Philippines, but there are some areas that engage in this practice. These measures are put in place to help ensure that the local community gets its fair share of all monies earned by the use of their traditional lands. This also helps to make sure that very strict ethics are followed in relation to how tourists interact with the land. How Tourism can help improve the Current Environmental Situation in the Philippines; A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world.   As globalization continues and the earths natural processes transform local problems into international issues, few societies are being left untouched by major environmental problems. Some of the largest problems now affecting the world are  Acid Rain,  Air Pollution, Global Warming,  Hazardous Waste,  Ozone Depletion,  Smog,  Water Pollution, Overpopulation, and  Rain Forest Destruction. Every environmental problem has causes, numerous effects, and most importantly, a solution. Tourism can be a very big help in conserving the environmental resources, promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing jobs to local populations, sharing of socio-economic benefits with local communities and indigenous people by having informed consent and participation in the management of ecotourism enterprises and not only promoting to visit our country for the beautiful spots. Tourism is not just the beautiful spots and scenery; it can also be the conservation of these places for the future generations. Before letting tourist visit their selected destination, short seminars and lectures can be administered for them to gain knowledge on how to have fun while taking care and not destroying the environment. Sparing a little time for these programs can really help. Travel agencies can also be an instrument in helping out. While having promos for tours, they can include inside the brochures different guidelines in protecting the environment and what to know on a certain place. Promoting the place while having tourist knew these guidelines is a win-win situation for the agency and the country. Reference: http://bio427.blogspot.com/2010/10/environmental-laws-of-philippines.html http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1144_1977.html

Marketing Strategy Analysis: Dove Milk Chocolate Essay

Target Market Geography: New Jersey is a highly populated area located on the east coast of the United States of America with an array of different cultures (Mars Nutrition Incorporation, 2012) Rationale: The high population of New Jersey would provide a very large source of consumers regardless of the cultures Age: Gender: Both men and women. Rationale: At the very young ages, both genders consume chocolate and other confectionery at the same rates. However, with increase in age, chocolate becomes very common with women (Bailey,2012). Income: the segmentation of income may be all households with a yearly income exceeding one dollar. Ethnicity: They target all ethnicities. Rationale: Because all ethnicities have disposable incomes, thus they would all provide a very favorable target market. Specification on the basis of ethnicity would lock out potential consumers and deny the company the much needed revenue. Family Life Cycle: Married couples, Adult Singles Rationale: Unmarried individuals have adequate disposable incomes because they do not have many responsibilities. Separated individuals in some cases have children, thus these children would prompt their parents to purchase the products for them. Marriages usually result in the presence of children who would solicit their parents to purchase the products for them. Personality traits: this sector fundamentally comprises of emulators for instance fun loving people. These are the people who delight in enjoying life and believe in travelling and adventure. Lifestyle characteristics: in terms of lifestyle, it might be targeted at those who favor purchasing convenience products. They are as well willing to experiment with substitute products in place of food items that are conventional, as the world of chocolate is transforming from occasion led to more casual utilization. Usage Rate: the market might be more segmented on usage instead of attitude – whatever place, time snack. This is a faction of users that find conventional snacks to be heavy. Although an array of chocolates might be offered, a core brand may be initiated in the count line sector. Given that this sector is tipped to be the development engine of the industry and this sector encompasses a significant market share. Product classification Dove milk chocolate can be classified as a convenience good, which customers never plan to buy in advance. The consumer buys the candy bars when the need comes or when the consumer visits a place where the candy bar is sold. With convenience products, consumers are not willing to spend much time window-shopping for the products to compare prices, since the consumer knows the brands that are wanted. More so, the candy bars are not expensive, and consumers only pick the candy bars at their nearest shops since the candy bars are available in most retail centers, including large supermarkets such as Wal-Mart. In addition, dove milk candy is a product that consumers buy regularly, and the consumer knows specifically where to get the candy bar according to their tastes and preferences. Moreover, the candy bars are bought in small quantities and do not require much effort in buying. Many customers only buy the candy bars when it is necessary, to give to friends or eat when the consumer feel s the urge, qualifying dove milk chocolate as a convenience product (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). Branding a) Dove milk product uses a family branding strategy, where all its products are marketed through the word Dove, and all have the same brand name. The products are closely related, differing in terms of flavor, and little content, but all have the same utility. The products range from dark chocolate, miniature, among others with different flavors. All of them carry the same name on their products. The name is written on a coherent clearer part of the package for all of them. b). The brand name of the product is Dove, which is written clearly in bolder letters, on a reflective paper of the packaging to make the name more visible. Each cover color of the dove milk chocolate depends on the flavor. For darker chocolate, the color is darker, but the similar in terms of the lay out of the paint. In all of the chocolate brands, there is a curved line across the package in a different  color, mostly defining milk content. However, there is a dark chocolate color defining all of them. In addition, the flavor of the chocolate inside such as silky smooth milk chocolate is inscribed at the right hand bottom corner. c). The level of brand loyalty is high for this product, and its users are used to buying from the same brand. Considering this is a convenience good, consumers prefer buying from one producer, whom the consumer trusts, or depending on the consumer’s preference (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). This builds up exceptional customer loyalty since many will only prefer the Dove chocolate to other brands. OK. Packaging a) Packaging has been used in several ways for Dove milk chocolate considering it is a consumable food product, needing protection to remain safe for human consumption, as well as convenience. Some people may not have money to buy in large quantities, and prefer smaller quantities (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2011). 1) The product is meant for human consumption and requires protection from harmful substances that might contaminate it. Therefore, the packaging provides for this by using a plastic, paper package for smaller quantities, while bigger quantities that might not be consumed at once are packaged in cartons and smaller foil or plastic paper packages for protection. The packages are well designed to let no substance inside, and can be easily opened and closable except for smaller packages that are consumed once. The Product Safety Act of a consumer necessitates that all packages enveloping products intended for human utilization or use be composed of materials believed safe for han dling and produced in amenities that encompass no cross-contamination matters with other commodities. These rules are set to guarantee that consumers do not turn out to be infected with food-borne diseases or other illnesses merely from handling packaging of a product. (Lister, 1999-2012) (Also, include the different size and types of packages. These should be listed clearly. In other words, 6 oz., 10oz, and 14 oz. Bars and 50 count and 100 count bags of individually wrapped bars. Then for the bars and individually wrapped units, describe the package.) 2) The packaging has been well designed to promote the product. The product lists the ingredients used, flavors and uses positional words such as miniature, silk, and smooth to attract customers. More so, its color is differentiated from other competitors. 3) The packaging has also been  designed to enhance storage since most of them are in rectangular shapes that are easily packed into bulk containers for shipment and wholesale. In addition, the package comes in different sizes, with different prices to serve convenience especially when one does not require purchasing larger amounts. The chocolate bar is also packaged in ounces for convenience. The packages are easily opened for customer’s convenience. Resalable for reuse? Is there a date to use the product by? 4) In terms of facilitating recycling and reducing environmental damage, some of the packages are made up of biodegradable material, while some, especially the smaller packages, are in plastic papers. However, packaging the bigger products degradable material reduces the amount of non-biodegradable material they release into the environment. OK. b) The product uses both types of labeling, persuasive and informational. On the packages, the labeling is quite persuasive with positional statements that are also informative of what the product contains, in terms of nutritional content. The product uses words such as smooth and silk to explain the taste of the product for persuasion. Xxx. Product Life Cycle All products go through a life cycle since the time they are introduced into the market, to growth, maturity, and finally decline. However, this is dependent on the product category. For the product category, which is convenience, their maturity stage seem to last for long considering people will continue to buy the product when they need it. In this case, the product is in the maturity stage, where sales are increasing slowly. At this stage, the company can use the strategy of differentiating its products, which it has done. Currently, dove milk chocolates comes in different flavors, with more and more differentiation taking place to fight off competition, which is high at this stage. However, declining for this category of product is hard since it is a product that people buy regularly for human consumption, and they will still need it another day when the urge comes back. The product is sold internationally, but mostly in America, where it has reached maturity due to this differen tiation of the product, and bearing in mind how long it has been in subsistence. Mode of Product Advertisement Given that Dove Milk Chocolate is a product widely known but is losing its appeal in the market, the best mode of advertising is ultimately product advertisement. The reason of using this mode of advertising is that institutional advertisement will not have the desired effect for this product. Most people acknowledge the existence of Dove Milk Chocolate, but they do not comprehend the advantages of using the new product leading to the need of sensitizing the larger population about it. According to the previous discussed reasons, pioneering advertisement is the best option for the reintroduction of a product that is losing touch with the consumers. The objective of this form of advertisement is giving consumers comprehensive information regarding the nutritional advantages associated with the product (Jugenheimer, 2010). Once consumers understand a product they are most likely to buy such products. Advertisement Appeal Used According to studies (Jugenheimer, 2010), any advertisement has to give the consumer reasons as to why they should buy a given product. That is, answering the questions such as what additional value they are to reap from the usage of Dove Milk Chocolate. Accordingly, in order to acquire competitive advantage, there is a need of combining a number of appeals. Since it is a product in its reintroduction stage, it needs to make sure that customers obtain the best for a subsidized price. In addition, an endorsement from influential people is also extremely valuable in such advertisements. Fun and pleasure is also beneficial in the promotion of the product of consideration. Explaining the pleasures that come with the usage of the product is significant at appealing consumers to use the commodity. However, influential people provide the best appeal. This is because many people adore their idols and believe that they always make the best decisions. Form of media It is not advisable to use one form of media. This is because although a given media might have certain advantages, it may lack values present in another. Accordingly, in the promotion of Dove Milk Chocolate bars, it is essential to use a number of relevant media. For the purpose of achieving geographical flexibility, newspapers are the best option. However, to reach out to the desired demographics magazines will apply. Internet and  television find application at ensuring a narrow target audience and visibility respectively. The internet is fast growing and though it does lack demographic or geographic specification, it is one of the best modes of ensuring low cost fast advertisements. Furthermore, Mars Company already has a website making it easier to promote the commodity on the internet. On the other hand, television ensures that the product becomes visible. Public Relation Functions To achieve product prosperity, there is a need for application of more public relations. Product publicity and lobbying are the best option for a new product. Product publicity ensures that there is a valid word going around and that the product gains favor in the public domain. This is because there are organizations campaigning against the consumption of chocolate. On the other hand, lobbying ensures that the government does not pass strict laws that will hamper prosperity of the product. In this regard, there should be a lobbyist mandated to the task of ensuring that chocolate bars are in excellent terms with the government and policy makers. Furthermore, publicity will play a vital role at ensuring that many people understand the advantages of using this product, as opposed to the many publicized demerits. Public Relations Tools As previously indicated, this product has been experiencing difficulties over the years meaning that many people do not favor its usage. To bridge the gap of this misconception about the product, there is a need for the application of both new product publicity and product placement by the marketers. Application of new-product publicity will be instrumental in explaining to consumers the nutritional benefits of using chocolate bars. Furthermore, placement of products in movies and in other advertisement will boost consumer awareness about its benefits (Jugenheimer, 2010). Movies are especially a larger tool of promoting awareness of a given product. Movies are more likely to find more usage in comparison to advertisements. This is because there are an extraordinarily high number of people watching movies and television programs. Sales Promotion Tools Managers’ objective will be acquiring new customers from already existing entrants. In order to accomplish this, there is a need of explaining product superiority in comparison to those offered by competitors. In addition, there is a need of ensuring that prices do not matter by offering a value added product to consumers at a considerable price. That is, having chocolate bars with nutritional value as opposed to those that are a hazard to consumer’s health. Having a bonus pack is extremely vital at this level in order to persuade consumers that switch brands to be loyal to this product. Bonus packs should vary to attract various customers. This means that there is a need for different discount packs to cater for loyal customers, competitor consumers, and price buyers. Personal Selling The concept of personal selling revolves around personal communication in trying to convince each other to purchase a given product. In its distribution channel, there will be effective personal communication, which will ensure that there is a conviction on the part of the consumer as to the reason of using Dove Milk Chocolate bars. Furthermore, ensuring that the company responds properly to any orders placed for the commodity will ensure an effective personal selling to the advantage of the product. Orders always act as a form of communication between the buyer and the product. Price Strategy Pricing Objectives Any product has to make a profit for its institution (Engelson, 2010). Maximization of profits is a paramount objective of pricing in many if not all corporations. Accordingly, the pricing of this chocolate bars will revolve around making profit. The purpose of this is ensuring that it does balance consumer-investor satisfaction. Given that the commodity has considerable competition, high prices are not the way to go. Accordingly, there is a need of ensuring lower production cost and increasing its sales to maximize profits (Ferrell, 2010). Other Price Determinants In its re-introductory stage, there is the urge to elevate the price but due to the competition evident, this is not an option. After this stage, the  prices will be on the decrease, and this will be due to increase in the number of players selling an alternative to this product (Ferrell, 2010). Given the fact that more competitors are likely to spur an increase in the supply there will be a decrease in prices. Accordingly, the major determinant of the pricing will be competition in the market. However, added value will ensure that there is differentiation of the product (Smith, 2011). Achieving this will ensure that consumers disregard the price factor and negative publicity. Discount Policies There are a number of discounts in application for the commodity. To promote the loyalty of consumers, there will be cumulative quantity discounts awarded. That is, buying in bulk ensures that the customers pay lesser. However, there is also a need of compensating retailers and wholesalers for their services accorded to a given product (Smith, 2011). There is an application of functional discounts on theStrategyproduct. Finally, seasons always experience increased spending by consumers (Engelson, 2010). Accordingly, offering seasonal discounts ensures that consumers remain loyal to Dove Milk Chocolate and price buyers choose the product. References Bo wersox, D, J., Closs D.J., & Cooper, M, B. (2007). Supply chain logistics management. New York: McGraw –Hill Publishing. Christopher, M. (2005). Logistics and supply chain management (3rd ed.). Essex: FT Prentice Hall Publishing. Engelson, M. (2010). Pricing strategy: an interdisciplinary approach. Portland: Joint Management Strategy. Ferrell, O. C. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Jugenheimer, D. W. (2010). Advertising and Public Relations Research. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Lamb, C. W., Hair, Jr., J. F., & McDaniel, C. (2012). Marketing 5. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Lister, J. (1999-2012). Product Packaging Regulations. Retrieved from www.ehow.com: http://www.ehow.com/list_6774882_product-packaging-regulations.html Smith, T. J. (2011). Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts, & Establishing Price Structures. Stamford: Cengage Learning.

Global Warming And Its Effects - 1261 Words

How would the population of the world appreciate it if the Earth got relentlessly hot in a matter of time? Well, this is global warming. This outrageous heat increase is something many think is microscopic and harmless, but it could change the Earth immensely in a matter of time. Made by human activity,global warming, including the burning of fossil fuel, and blazing down forests. Yet scientists can detect how much the Earth’s temperature is increasing, but countries can fix these problems by not depending on natural resources so much, reusing energy, and setting policies for climate change to help the public regulate it. The rising heat has been occurring for centuries, but never enough to really affect us until the boiling of forests began to take place. Built by the Earth’s spinning everyday, global warming, is taking place when heat picks up moisture and puts it down all across the globe. This changes the pattern of the climate (Is Global). 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Probation Is The Criminal Justice System - 2410 Words

Question one Probation is defined as ‘the conditional release of an offender into the community, under the supervision of a probation officer. The inclination made from this definition is that probation is not permanent and is revocable if certain conditions are not met as per the agreement between the criminal justice system and the offender (Schemalleger, 2009). The rations for probation are usually four: allowing the offender to be part of the community’s reintegration services. It relies on maintenance of family and social ties as a way of rehabilitating the offender. Probation also helps the offender not to face the danger of alienation from the society due to the stigmatization that usually happens in cases of imprisonment. The†¦show more content†¦The implication is that there exists a need on why probation needs to be upheld as a way of serving varying interests based on the evidence of its efficiency. Conclusively, there are loopholes in probation process such as incompetency, and this should only be a reason to make the involved bodies seek ways of sealing such loopholes. Question two Recidivism refers to repeated arrests for the crime. It merely infers to a person being arrested and going through the correctional services only to be rearrested again. As a taxpayer, recidivism is an important indicator of the efficiency of the billions of dollars being pumped into the criminal justice system. If recidivism is on the decline, it is a sign that the resources are being utilized in serving the collective societal needs. If not, it only points to a loss of resources. Recidivism is also an important factor in showing how safe a taxpayer in light of prevailing crimes. As such, recidivism is vital in proving effective resource utilization and safety needs of the community. 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Rr Right Place, Wrong Face - 755 Words

Right Place, Wrong Face â€Å"Right Place, Wrong Face† by Alton Fitzgerald White is an illustration of the racial prejudices that causes innocent citizens to suffer. This narrative describes the injustice a black man has to suffer when he is victimized because of his racial background and dermal color. His unjust arrest and police’s ignorance towards his civil rights leaves him questioning the ethics, morals, and principles his parents had taught him while he was growing up. His encounter with the dark side of society changes his perception of life. White uses a chronological structure to keep the reader engaged with the text throughout the narration. He establishes his story by introducing his morals and his beliefs that â€Å"if I worked hard,†¦show more content†¦The very last line when police tells him that he was at the â€Å"wrong place,† to which White replies by saying, †that’s where I live,† is a very powerful line as it highlights the point that it was his face that was wrong, the racist point of view that was wrong. When I link this story to my life, I can instantly think of a devastating event that occurred a decade ago. I haven’t experienced anything racist personally, but I know the people of myShow MoreRelatedLincolns 2nd Inaugural Address Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesended, Lincoln did not speak of triumph, but of loss, guilt and sin. Some see this speech as a defense of his pragmatic approach to Reconstruction, in which he sought to avoid harsh treatment of the defeated South by reminding his listeners of how wrong both sides had been in imagining what lay before them when the war began four years ago. 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Hualapai Language Revitalization and Literacy Free Essays

Conner Kolter Hualapai Language Revitalization and Literacy The Hualapai Indians, like many other indigenous societies, have faced the continuing threat of losing their culture. For this particular society, through perseverance, hard work and a helping hand from many people outside the Native American community, the Hualapai’s have been able to provide a writing system for their endangered language. This step has proven to be crucial in keeping the language and has also become an example for other Native American tribes who worry about their mother language becoming extinct. We will write a custom essay sample on Hualapai Language Revitalization and Literacy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This success story has become a symbol that not all is lost if effort is put into something that is deeply cared about. A culture and society’s language is one of, if not the most, important aspects to what makes them different from everyone else. Without that attribute, the people that belong to that language can feel lost and lose a sense of who they are. In the Hualapai culture, members who were in school in the 1930’s were forced to attend an English-only speaking school where the Hualapai language would be physically beaten out of them. Those children, who are now the grandparents of the present children of the small tribe, stress the importance of learning their native language considering how large a presence English has around them. With the new writing system, the members of the Hualapai tribe can keep their language and have it passed down from generation to generation. Learning more than one linguistic system is a challenge and when teaching the mother language at home is its only exposure, it becomes harder to develop those multilingual skills. With the difficulties that come with learning two languages, some children give up learning one, usually the native tongue and with advancing languages such as English in the business and political world, children might not even learn their cultural language at home. Just as quickly as these dominant languages have been growing, indigenous tongues have been disappearing. A major portion of why native languages become extinct is because of schools. A majority of schools are taught only in English but it doesn’t end there. Parents at home may not want to teach their children to speak the native tongue because of the fear that they will be behind everyone else and not have an equal opportunity to become successful in the outside world because of a language barrier (Lavenda and Schultz 2013, 49-50). This is exactly the case with the Hualapai Indians. In a day where you must be fluent in English, parents have realized that the sacrifice of not choosing to teach their language would be worth it, if their children got a full education out of it. In this case however, the Hualapai’s had unconditional support from the outside community. In the public schools, now that there was a written language for these Native Americans, people fought for classrooms to be bilingual. Without the invention of the written form of this language, this innovative idea would not have been possible. The Hualapai language underwent language revitalization; â€Å"creating grammars, dictionaries and archival and educational materials designed to teach and preserve these languages for the future† (Lavenda and Schultz 2013, 50). This creation is extremely important to their society because is a new way for the Hualapai’s to express their language and allows them to expand and solidify their cultural too. The writing system for this language was a new concept to everyone, even to the speakers themselves. Because it is something that has to be learned socially, it has become a part of their culture now. Now that they are able to write their spoken language, they are better suited to adapt to the changing world. They can carry on learning in English, but now they can also enjoy learning about their culture while adding on to it without the stress of falling behind in the outside world (class notes, September 7, 2012). There are many advantages that are to be considered now that the Hualapai language has caught up with other languages in the sense of how they can be expressed. Because, the public high school where the teenage Hualapai Indians attend now teach courses in both languages, members from the tribe are coming forward asking to have their skills taught to the students so that the information they know can be passed down. This is a gain for both the natives and for community members outside the tribe. For example, a daughter of a medicine man came to the school wanting to teach about the different plants that can be used for medical uses. This is a perfect instance where cultural borrowing is taking place. A natural tendency that occurs when two or more cultures come in contact with each other and borrow ideas and practices is known as acculturation (Lavenda and Schultz 2012, 185). This process is not a bad habit either. Each culture doesn’t just take the ideas and practices as they are but change them and incorporate them into their own culture so that there is meaning and importance behind them. For the Palm Springs, Arizona community learning about the Hualapai practices of ethnobotany expands their awareness of the tribe and is also helpful for learning new ways to treat suffering. Due to this new writing system brought forth for the Hualapai Indians, many opportunities came into the light for them. Incorporating a writing system allowed the tribe to keep their language alive and thriving. Now that their language is being taught and freely spoken outside the reservation, members don’t have to worry about children not gaining their place in the world for the fear of falling behind if they only spoke their native tongue. Most of the tribe members are becoming more in touch with their heritage and new culture now that there is a writing system that needs to be learned. It has given the small population pride of who they are and they are able to further their history by means of writing down their cultural traditions, practices, vocabulary. Because there is a physical form of their language, the Hualapai Indians can keep their language and pass it down to the next generations. They can inform others about who they are, what they believe. They have finally made a place in the world for themselves because of the radical progress they made for themselves and hopefully can make the same positive change for other indigenous tribes on the brink of losing their language and culture. Bibliography Martin del Campo, Edgar. â€Å"Defining â€Å"Culture†. † Class lecture, Core Concepts in Anthropology from University of New Hampshire, Durham, September 7, 2012. Lavenda, Robert H.. , and Emily Ann Schultz. Core concepts in cultural anthropology. 5th ed. Mountain View, Calif. : Mayfield, 2013. How to cite Hualapai Language Revitalization and Literacy, Essay examples

Slavery going on today in world Essay Example For Students

Slavery going on today in world Essay Slavery is an issue Americans wish is still apart of our past. However it is still taking place in many countries around the world. One of these many countries is Sudan. Sudan is a fairly large country located in northeast Africa.In Sudan women and children are still the result of slavery. In order to understand the current conditions of Sudan, the history is very important. In 632, the beginning of Islam brought many positive things to the country such as political unity and economic growth. However, as early as 1839 the northern Arabs began raiding the villages taking African Americans into slavery. The slaves were then sold in world slave markets as well as being domestic slaves. In 1881 the Turkish-Egyptian control diminished when Mahdist revolted. Mandi rule was between 1885 and 1898 when slavery flourished.However, the Sudan was recaptured by the Anglo-Egyptians in 1898. Official slave trade was abolished but domestic trade continued. When Sudan was under the Anglo-Egyptian rul e the northern part of Sudan and the southern part of Sudan was governed under different rule. The Arab-Islamic influence was in the south. Sudan regained its independence in 1956, but the two different states had many differences. These differences were history, culture, race, geography, and religion. These differences led to a Civil War in 1956. In the Sudan Civil Wars, it is simply the north verses the south. The north is Muslim with an Arab heritage, whereas, the south is Christian and an African heritage. The Arab heritage has always treated the south as thought they were a minority. Also, the south has been isolated from the north by its geography. The souths geography has prevented them from participating in the countrys political, economic, and social life. Islam points of view are strong in the northern part of Sudan where the southern area is mostly absent of Islamic views. In 1983 President Nimeiri imposed that the entire country to follow the Sharia law (Islamic law by I slamic beliefs). The current Khartoum government wants the southern area to follow Sharia law. Since the Christian south had many slave raids by Arabs from the north and the east, therefore, resisting Muslim religious rule. The southerners want total separation, federation, or a unified secular state with freedom for all minorities. This souths struggle for separation led to two civil wars, the first ending in 1972 with a proposed federation. That solution dissolved into a second war in the mid-1980s, which is still continuing. War has affected the traditional systems for the protection of womens rights, and the treatment of women and girls has become worse. Population has increased prostitution, rape, and sexually transmitted diseases. Female children are forced into early marriages, and child labor. There are generally two different types of slavery, old slavery and new slavery. Old slavery has the following characteristics: legal ownership, high purchase cost, low profits, shortage of slaves, long term relationships with slaves, and large ethnic differences. New slavery, however, has the following characteristics: no legal ownership, low purchase cost, surplus of potential slaves, and short-term relationships. Sudan has established a slavery system most similar to new slavery. Sudan has a large amount of potential slaves from the south, and a fairly low purchase cost.Also, the ownership is not legal. Slavery has always flourished in the South because it was considered beyond Cairos control. Annual raids would take place where thousands of southerners would become slaves. This destructed the souths region, stability, and economy.In 1993,the International Labor Organization surveyed forced labor and slavery-like practices around the world and noted that the practice of traditiona l slavery was growing in Sudan. The International Labor Organization said it had received the first detailed reports on the revival of Sudanese slavery in 1988, complete with allegations that the government had provided arms to unofficial militia groups so that they could raid Dinka villages and remove support for the rebels. Soldiers from the north would capture women, children, and men from the south and force them to work without pay, force sex upon them, and were owned by the capturer until they were sold. The local community had detailed records of 634 women and children who had been enslaved. Cal Bombay of the Canadian organization Crossroads and Dr Anne Zimmerman of CSW-USA helped to free the 325 slaves; many of the slaves gave interviews with details of their experiences during enslavement. 309 are believed to still be enslaved. Arrangements have been made to help with the emancipation of those still in captivity. Attempts have been made to estimate how many slaves are still enslaved from Sudan; the least amount of slaves is estimated at 100,000. In April 1996, UN Special Representative for the Sudan, Gaspar Biro, reported an alarming increasein cases of slavery, servitude, slave trade, and forced labor. Other countries to stop these acts of slavery have done little. In June 1996, two reporters from the Baltimore Sun illegally visited Sudan. They then wrote many articles, which described the acts of slavery that they saw. After these articles an increasing number of missions began by Christians. .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .postImageUrl , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:hover , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:visited , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:active { border:0!important; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:active , .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58 .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14a4be90aeca04439b1f5d01832beb58:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion In Public Schools EssayIn June of 1999, Christian Solidarity Worldwide visited locations in southern Sudan to help in medical problems, to gain evidence in the violation of human rights, and to teach the word of God. In the Nuba Mountains they met 60,000 children orphaned by their government. They were captured and put in Peace camps which were holding places for the slaves. They were beat and burned. Civilians were forced to believe in Muslim beliefs; anyone who didnt was enslaved or killed. Many slaves were forced to fight for the Muslims against the South. The southerners were put at the front line so they were the first to die during a battle. Northerners woul d take women and young girls from there home and bring them with them and force them to have sex with many different soldiers. They would also force them to cook, and do other domestic chores. Many Christian organizations have tried to free slaves. They have been offering fifty dollars per slave, and then they free the slave. Unfortunately, the slave capturers have been capturing more slaves since this was put in effect in order to make a large amount of money. This plan is freeing the slave but putting more money in the north instead of the south.Although American slavery is a thing of the past, it is still ongoing in places like Sudan. Even though it is unlike the old slavery, it is an unjust violation of their rights. In conclusion, slavery is perhaps one of the most evil things that still go on in our civilized society. Many countries like Sudan are forced under slavery by their government. Slavery exists because of the past, and until the world tries to stop all of slavery it w ill still exist. Bibliography: